| Accurately explain how circulating tumor DNA represents the tumor derived subset of total cell free DNA in circulation. |
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| Relate ctDNA dynamics to expected outcomes in conjunction with imaging and clinical evaluation, recognizing when ctDNA provides complementary or earlier signals. |
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| Summarize the strengths, detection thresholds, and common pitfalls of current MRD platforms, including challenges related to low tumor shedding, assay sensitivity, and false negative risk. |
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